Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using central hemodynamic indices among elderly people: systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Despite widespread usage of central blood pressure assessment its predictive value among elderly people remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the capacity of central hemodynamic indices for predicting future all-cause and cardiovascular hard outcomes among elderly people. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis developed at the Del Cuore cardiology clinic, in Antonio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: 312 full-text articles were analyzed, from which 35 studies were included for systematic review. The studies included needed to report at least one central hemodynamic index among patients aged 60 years or over. RESULTS: For all-cause mortality, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) and central systolic blood pressure (SBP) were significant, respectively with standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.85 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.69-1.01; I2 96%; P < 0.001); and SMD 0.27 (95% CI 0.15-0.39; I2 77%; P 0.012). For cardiovascular mortality brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), central SBP and carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) were significant, respectively SMD 0.67 (95% CI 0.40-0.93; I2 0%; P 0.610); SMD 0.65 (95% CI 0.48- 0.82; I2 80%; P 0.023); and SMD 0.51 (95% CI 0.32-0.69; I2 85%; P 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis results showed that aPWV was promising for predicting all-cause mortality, while baPWV and central SBP demonstrated consistent results in evaluating cardiovascular mortality outcomes. Thus, the findings support usage of central blood pressure as a risk predictor for hard outcomes among elderly people. REGISTRATION NUMBER IN PROSPERO: RD42018085264

Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using central hemodynamic indices among elderly people: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread usage of central blood pressure assessment its predictive value among elderly people remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the capacity of central hemodynamic indices for predicting future all-cause and cardiovascular hard outcomes among elderly people. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis developed at the Del Cuore cardiology clinic, in Antonio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: 312 full-text articles were analyzed, from which 35 studies were included for systematic review. The studies included needed to report at least one central hemodynamic index among patients aged 60 years or over. RESULTS: For all-cause mortality, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) and central systolic blood pressure (SBP) were significant, respectively with standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.85 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.69-1.01; I2 96%; P < 0.001); and SMD 0.27 (95% CI 0.15-0.39; I2 77%; P 0.012). For cardiovascular mortality brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), central SBP and carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) were significant, respectively SMD 0.67 (95% CI 0.40-0.93; I2 0%; P 0.610); SMD 0.65 (95% CI 0.48- 0.82; I2 80%; P 0.023); and SMD 0.51 (95% CI 0.32-0.69; I2 85%; P 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis results showed that aPWV was promising for predicting all-cause mortality, while baPWV and central SBP demonstrated consistent results in evaluating cardiovascular mortality outcomes. Thus, the findings support usage of central blood pressure as a risk predictor for hard outcomes among elderly people. REGISTRATION NUMBER IN PROSPERO: RD42018085264.

Central hemodynamic parameters to predict cardiovascular outcomes and mortality among the elderly: protocol for a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Central blood pressure is a factor that may predict cardiovascular events. However, its use in clinical practice is not well consolidated. Therefore, the aim of our study will be to summarize the use of central hemodynamic parameters to predict cardiovascular-related outcomes and all-cause mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING: Protocol for systematic review of longitudinal observational studies conducted in healthcare institutions, as presented in the studies included. METHODS: We will perform a systematic search in the electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and LILACS (via Virtual Health Library (VHL)), using health descriptors terms for elderly people and for hemodynamic indices of central blood pressure. We will include articles that evaluated hemodynamic indices and at least one of the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, total cardiovascular death, total non-cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention, revascularization and aortic syndromes. Two independent reviewers will conduct analysis on the abstracts selected and on the full-text articles. Two reviewers will independently perform data extraction and evaluate the methodological quality of the articles selected, and a third reviewer will evaluate any divergences. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed in accordance with the ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Through this systematic review, we intend to summarize evidence that supports the use of central hemodynamic parameters for central blood pressure to diagnose and perform prognostics on arterial hypertension in elderly patients within clinical practice and predict future cardiovascular events in this population. REGISTRATION: Prospero - CRD42018085264.

Central hemodynamic parameters to predict cardiovascular outcomes and mortality among the elderly: protocol for a systematic review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Central blood pressure is a factor that may predict cardiovascular events. However, its use in clinical practice is not well consolidated. Therefore, the aim of our study will be to summarize the use of central hemodynamic parameters to predict cardiovascular-related outcomes and all-cause mortality. DESIGN AND SETTING: Protocol for systematic review of longitudinal observational studies conducted in healthcare institutions, as presented in the studies included. METHODS: We will perform a systematic search in the electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and LILACS (via Virtual Health Library (VHL)), using health descriptors terms for elderly people and for hemodynamic indices of central blood pressure. We will include articles that evaluated hemodynamic indices and at least one of the following outcomes: all-cause mortality, total cardiovascular death, total non-cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary artery restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention, revascularization and aortic syndromes. Two independent reviewers will conduct analysis on the abstracts selected and on the full-text articles. Two reviewers will independently perform data extraction and evaluate the methodological quality of the articles selected, and a third reviewer will evaluate any divergences. The methodological quality of the studies will be assessed in accordance with the ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Through this systematic review, we intend to summarize evidence that supports the use of central hemodynamic parameters for central blood pressure to diagnose and perform prognostics on arterial hypertension in elderly patients within clinical practice and predict future cardiovascular events in this population. REGISTRATION: Prospero - CRD42018085264.

Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Parameters in Powerlifters and Long-Distance Runners: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study / Comparação de Parâmetros Cardíacos e Vasculares em Powerlifters e Corredores de Longa Distância: Um Estudo Transversal Comparativo

Abstract Background: Cardiac remodeling is a specific response to exercise training and time exposure. We hypothesized that athletes engaging for long periods in high-intensity strength training show heart and/or vascular damage. Objective: To compare cardiac characteristics (structure and function) and vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and peripheral vascular resistance [PVR]) in powerlifters and long-distance runners. Methods: We evaluated 40 high-performance athletes (powerlifters [PG], n = 16; runners [RG], n = 24) and assessed heart structure and function (echocardiography), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, maximum force (squat, bench press, and deadlift), and maximal oxygen uptake (spirometry). A Student's t Test for independent samples and Pearson's linear correlation were used (p < 0.05). Results: PG showed higher SBP/DBP (p < 0.001); greater interventricular septum thickness (p < 0.001), posterior wall thickness (p < 0.001) and LV mass (p < 0.001). After adjusting LV mass by body surface area (BSA), no difference was observed. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume, wave E, wave e', and E/e' ratio were similar for both groups. However, LA volume (p = 0.016) and BSA-adjusted LA volume were lower in PG (p < 0.001). Systolic function (end-systolic volume and ejection fraction), and FMD were similar in both groups. However, higher PVR in PG was observed (p = 0.014). We found a correlation between the main cardiovascular changes and total weight lifted in PG. Conclusions: Cardiovascular adaptations are dependent on training modality and the borderline structural cardiac changes are not accompanied by impaired function in powerlifters. However, a mild increase in blood pressure seems to be related to PVR rather than endothelial function.

Resumo Fundamento: Remodelamento cardíaco é uma resposta específica ao tempo e modalidade de treinamento. Nós hipotetizamos que atletas de treinamento de força de alta intensidade, por longo tempo, mostram dano à estrutura cardíaca e/ou vascular. Objetivo: Comparar as características cardíacas (estrutura e funcionalidade) e função vascular (dilatação fluxo-mediada, FMD e resistência vascular periférica, PVR) em powerlifters e corredores. Métodos: Nós avaliamos 40 atletas de alto-desempenho (powerlifters [PG], n = 16; corredores [RG], n = 24). Mensuramos estrutura e funcionalidade cardíaca (ecocardiografia), pressão arterial (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, força máxima (agachamento, supino e levantamento terra) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (ergoespirometria). Foi utilizado teste T de Student e correlação linear de Pearson (p < 0,05). Resultados: PG mostrou maior SBP/DBP (p < 0,001), espessura de septo interventricular (p < 0,001), parede posterior (p < 0,001) e massa do VE (p < 0,001); após ajuste pela superfície corporal (BSA), não houve diferença na massa do VE. O volume do VE, onda E, onda e', e a razão E/e' foram similares entre os grupos. O volume do AE (p = 0,016), mesmo ajustado pela BSA (p < 0,001) foi menor no PG. A função sistólica (volume sistólico final e fração de ejeção) e FMD foram similares nos grupos. Contudo, foi observada maior PVR no PG (p = 0,014). Houve uma correlação direta entre as alterações cardíacas e a carga total levantada no PG. Conclusões: As adaptações cardiovasculares são dependentes da modalidade e os valores encontrados na estrutura do coração não são acompanhados por prejuízo na funcionalidade. Entretanto, um leve aumento na pressão arterial pode estar associado com maior PVR e não com a função endotelial.

Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Parameters in Powerlifters and Long-Distance Runners: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac remodeling is a specific response to exercise training and time exposure. We hypothesized that athletes engaging for long periods in high-intensity strength training show heart and/or vascular damage. OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiac characteristics (structure and function) and vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and peripheral vascular resistance [PVR]) in powerlifters and long-distance runners. METHODS: We evaluated 40 high-performance athletes (powerlifters [PG], n = 16; runners [RG], n = 24) and assessed heart structure and function (echocardiography), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, maximum force (squat, bench press, and deadlift), and maximal oxygen uptake (spirometry). A Student's t Test for independent samples and Pearson's linear correlation were used (p < 0.05). RESULTS: PG showed higher SBP/DBP (p < 0.001); greater interventricular septum thickness (p < 0.001), posterior wall thickness (p < 0.001) and LV mass (p < 0.001). After adjusting LV mass by body surface area (BSA), no difference was observed. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume, wave E, wave e', and E/e' ratio were similar for both groups. However, LA volume (p = 0.016) and BSA-adjusted LA volume were lower in PG (p < 0.001). Systolic function (end-systolic volume and ejection fraction), and FMD were similar in both groups. However, higher PVR in PG was observed (p = 0.014). We found a correlation between the main cardiovascular changes and total weight lifted in PG. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular adaptations are dependent on training modality and the borderline structural cardiac changes are not accompanied by impaired function in powerlifters. However, a mild increase in blood pressure seems to be related to PVR rather than endothelial function.

A Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial de 24 Horas Prediz Desfechos em Hipertensos na Atenção Primária à Saúde: Estudo de Coorte / 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Predicts Outcomes of Hypertensive Patients in Primary Care: A Cohort Study

Fundamentos: A hipertensão arterial é um importante fator de risco para desfechos cardiovasculares. No entanto, na maioria dos centros de Atenção Primária à Saúde, a pressão arterial permanece com níveis de controle inadequados. A Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial (MAPA) é uma ferramenta útil na predição de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. A implementação da MAPA de 24 horas e a avaliação dos desfechos cardiovasculares na Atenção Primária à Saúde podem ser eficazes para melhorarem estratégias de acompanhamento do paciente hipertenso neste cenário. Objetivo: Avaliar hipertensão não controlada detectada pela MAPA de 24 horas como um preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes hipertensos da Atenção Primária à Saúde em um ambiente de baixos recursos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com base em centros de Atenção Primária à Saúde. O estudo foi conduzido com 143 pacientes hipertensos, que realizaram MAPA de 24 horas no início do estudo. Os alvos terapêuticos foram baseados no Eighth Joint National Committee, na Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão e na Diretriz Europeia de Hipertensão. Registros médicos de emergência, admissões hospitalares e atestados de óbitos foram revisados. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída por 143 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Após 4 anos de seguimento foram verificados 17 óbitos, 12 novos casos de fibrilação atrial e 37 internações hospitalares relacionadas a desfechos cardiovasculares. Durante o período de acompanhamento, a MAPA de 24 horas apresentou resultado preditor para novos casos de fibrilação atrial (p = 0,015) e combinação de desfechos cardiovasculares, mortalidade e admissões hospitalares (p = 0,012)

Background: Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. However, in most Primary Health Care centers, blood pressure remains at inadequate control levels. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) is a useful tool in predicting cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The implementation of 24-hour ABPM and evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in Primary Health Care may be effective in improving strategies for monitoring hypertensive patients in this setting. Objective: To evaluate uncontrolled arterial hypertension detected by 24-hour ABPM as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients from Primary Health Care in a low-resource environment. Methods: Cohort study based on primary health care centers. The study was carried out with 143 hypertensive patients, who underwent 24-hour ABPM at baseline. Therapeutic targets were based on the Eighth Joint National Committee, the Brazilian Hypertension Guideline, and the European Hypertension Guideline. Medical records of emergency care, hospital admissions, and death certificates were reviewed. Results: The sample consisted of 143 patients who met the inclusion criteria. After 4 years of follow-up, there were 17 deaths, 12 new cases of atrial fibrillation and 37 hospital admissions related to cardiovascular outcomes. During the follow-up period, the 24-hour ABPM showed a predictive result for new cases of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.015) and a combination of cardiovascular outcomes, mortality, and hospital admissions (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The 24-hour ABPM was an important predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in a hypertensive population that seeks assistance in Primary Health Care centers

Impact of Different Normality Thresholds for 24-hour ABPM at the Primary Health Care Level / Impacto de Diferentes Limiares de Normalidade para a MAPA de 24 Horas no Nível de Atenção Primária à Saúde

Abstract Background: Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Primary health care (PHC) physicians should be prepared to act appropriately in the prevention of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the rates of patients with control of blood pressure (BP) remain low. The impact of the reclassification of high BP by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) can lead to different medical decisions in PHC. Objective: To evaluate the agreement between the BP measured by a conventional method by PHC physicians and by 24-hour ABPM, considering different BP normal thresholds for the 24-hour ABPM according to the V Brazilian ABPM Guidelines and the European Society of Hypertension Guidelines. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 569 hypertensive patients. The BP was initially measured by the PHC physicians and, later, by 24-hour ABPM. The BP measurements were obtained independently between the two methods. The therapeutic targets for the conventional BP followed the guidelines by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), the V ABPM Brazilian Guidelines, and the 2013 European Hypertension Guidelines. Results: There was an accuracy of 54.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.51 - 0.58%) for the BP measured with the conventional method when compared with the 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 85% (95%CI 80.8 - 88.6%), specificity of 31.9% (95%CI 28.7 - 34.7%), and kappa value of 0.155, when considering the European Hypertension Guidelines. When using more stringent thresholds to characterize the BP as "normal" by ABPM, the accuracy was 45% (95%CI 0.41 - 0.47%) for conventional measurement when compared with 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 86.7% (95%CI 0.81 - 0.91%), specificity of 29% (95%CI 0.26 - 0.30%), and kappa value of 0.103. Conclusion: The BP measurements obtained by PHC physicians showed low accuracy when compared with those obtained by 24-hour ABPM, regardless of the threshold set by the different guidelines.

Resumo Fundamentos: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é um fator de risco importante para desfechos cardiovasculares. Médicos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) devem estar preparados para atuar adequadamente na prevenção de fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, as taxas de pacientes com pressão arterial (PA) controlada continuam baixas. O impacto da reclassificação do diagnóstico de hipertensão pela utilização da monitorização ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) de 24 horas pode levar a diferentes decisões médicas na APS. Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância entre as PAs medidas por método convencional por médicos da APS e por MAPA de 24 horas, considerando diferentes limiares de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas de acordo com as recomendações da V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA e da Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertensão. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 569 pacientes hipertensos. A PA foi medida inicialmente por médicos da APS e, posteriormente, pela MAPA de 24 horas. As medidas foram obtidas de forma independente entre os dois métodos. Os alvos terapêuticos para a PA convencional seguiram as orientações do Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), das V Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA e das Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertensão de 2013. Resultados: Foi observada uma acurácia de 54,8% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 0,51 - 0,58%) para a PA aferida de forma convencional quando comparada à obtida com a MAPA de 24 horas, além de uma sensibilidade de 85% (IC95% 80,8 - 88,6%), especificidade de 31,9% (IC95% 28,7 - 34,7%) e kappa de 0,155, quando consideradas as Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertensão. Quando utilizados limiares mais rígidos para caracterizar a PA como "normal" pela MAPA, foi identificada uma acurácia de 45% (IC95% 0,41 - 0,47%) pela medida convencional quando comparada à obtida pela MAPA de 24 horas, além de uma sensibilidade de 86,7% (IC95% 0,81 - 0,91%), especificidade de 29% (IC95% 0,26 - 0,30%) e kappa de 0,103. Conclusão: As medidas de PA avaliadas pelos médicos da APS apresentaram baixa acurácia quando comparadas às medidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, independente do limiar utilizado pelas diferentes diretrizes.

Impact of Different Normality Thresholds for 24-hour ABPM at the Primary Health Care Level.

BACKGROUND:: Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Primary health care (PHC) physicians should be prepared to act appropriately in the prevention of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the rates of patients with control of blood pressure (BP) remain low. The impact of the reclassification of high BP by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) can lead to different medical decisions in PHC. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the agreement between the BP measured by a conventional method by PHC physicians and by 24-hour ABPM, considering different BP normal thresholds for the 24-hour ABPM according to the V Brazilian ABPM Guidelines and the European Society of Hypertension Guidelines. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study including 569 hypertensive patients. The BP was initially measured by the PHC physicians and, later, by 24-hour ABPM. The BP measurements were obtained independently between the two methods. The therapeutic targets for the conventional BP followed the guidelines by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), the V ABPM Brazilian Guidelines, and the 2013 European Hypertension Guidelines. RESULTS:: There was an accuracy of 54.8% (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.51 - 0.58%) for the BP measured with the conventional method when compared with the 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 85% (95%CI 80.8 - 88.6%), specificity of 31.9% (95%CI 28.7 - 34.7%), and kappa value of 0.155, when considering the European Hypertension Guidelines. When using more stringent thresholds to characterize the BP as "normal" by ABPM, the accuracy was 45% (95%CI 0.41 - 0.47%) for conventional measurement when compared with 24-hour ABPM, with a sensitivity of 86.7% (95%CI 0.81 - 0.91%), specificity of 29% (95%CI 0.26 - 0.30%), and kappa value of 0.103. CONCLUSION:: The BP measurements obtained by PHC physicians showed low accuracy when compared with those obtained by 24-hour ABPM, regardless of the threshold set by the different guidelines. FUNDAMENTOS:: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é um fator de risco importante para desfechos cardiovasculares. Médicos da atenção primária à saúde (APS) devem estar preparados para atuar adequadamente na prevenção de fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, as taxas de pacientes com pressão arterial (PA) controlada continuam baixas. O impacto da reclassificação do diagnóstico de hipertensão pela utilização da monitorização ambulatorial da PA (MAPA) de 24 horas pode levar a diferentes decisões médicas na APS. OBJETIVO:: Avaliar a concordância entre as PAs medidas por método convencional por médicos da APS e por MAPA de 24 horas, considerando diferentes limiares de normalidade para a MAPA de 24 horas de acordo com as recomendações da V Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA e da Diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertensão. MÉTODOS:: Estudo transversal com 569 pacientes hipertensos. A PA foi medida inicialmente por médicos da APS e, posteriormente, pela MAPA de 24 horas. As medidas foram obtidas de forma independente entre os dois métodos. Os alvos terapêuticos para a PA convencional seguiram as orientações do Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), das V Diretrizes Brasileiras de MAPA e das Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertensão de 2013. RESULTADOS:: Foi observada uma acurácia de 54,8% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 0,51 - 0,58%) para a PA aferida de forma convencional quando comparada à obtida com a MAPA de 24 horas, além de uma sensibilidade de 85% (IC95% 80,8 - 88,6%), especificidade de 31,9% (IC95% 28,7 - 34,7%) e kappa de 0,155, quando consideradas as Diretrizes Europeias de Hipertensão. Quando utilizados limiares mais rígidos para caracterizar a PA como "normal" pela MAPA, foi identificada uma acurácia de 45% (IC95% 0,41 - 0,47%) pela medida convencional quando comparada à obtida pela MAPA de 24 horas, além de uma sensibilidade de 86,7% (IC95% 0,81 - 0,91%), especificidade de 29% (IC95% 0,26 - 0,30%) e kappa de 0,103. CONCLUSÃO:: As medidas de PA avaliadas pelos médicos da APS apresentaram baixa acurácia quando comparadas às medidas pela MAPA de 24 horas, independente do limiar utilizado pelas diferentes diretrizes.

Marcadores de Inflamação, Microalbuminúria e Controle de Pressão Arterial em Cuidados de Saúde Primários / Inflammation Markers, Microalbuminuria and Blood Pressure Control in Primary Health Care

Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é uma causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. Apesar da eficácia do tratamento, um alto número de pacientes não obtém controle de pressão arterial (PA), um fato que implica a necessidade de investigar o papel de outros fatores adicionais, como marcadores de inflamação e microalbuminúria, especialmente em ambientes de saúde. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre os níveis de fibrinogênio sérico, Proteína C-reativa ultrassensível (PCR) e microalbuminúria, com medidas de pressão arterial (PA) avaliadas através de monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) em pacientes hipertensos, em ambiente de cuidados de saúde primários. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com pacientes hipertensos que foram atendidos em centros de cuidados de saúde primários. Uma avaliação de PA foi efetuada pelo médico de cuidados primários, e este procedimento foi seguido por um teste de referência de 24 horas (MAPA), realizado por um profissional independente. Adicionalmente, a coleta de sangue periférico foi realizada para análise futura de marcadores bioquímicos. Resultados: 143 pacientes foram incluídos. Havia uma tendência para associação entre a variável independente (PA alterada por MAPA de 24 horas) e variável dependente (PCR), havia uma associação entre os valores > 3 mg/dL e MAPA alterada de 24 horas. A razão de prevalência (RP) foi de 1,36 (CI 95% 0,90 ­ 2,06); p=0,18. A respeito dos achados de microalbuminúria e fibrinogênio, foi observada RP 1,03 (CI 95% 0,41 ­ 2,57); p=1 e RP 1,19 (CI 95% 0,96 ­ 1,46); p=0,019, respectivamente, e ambas não foram significantes para PA alterada por MAPA de 24 horas. Conclusões: Há uma tendência para a associação entre PCR e a PA avaliada através da MAPA de 24 horas no contexto dos cuidados primários

Background: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In spite of the effectiveness of the treatment, a high number of patients do not obtain blood pressure (BP) control, a fact that implies the need for investigating the role of other additional factors, such as inflammation markers and microalbuminuria, especially in health care environments. Objectives: To evaluate the association between serum fibrinogen levels, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) and microalbuminuria, with blood pressure (BP) averages evaluated by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive patients in primary health care setting.Methods: A cross-sectional study with hypertensive patients who were seen in primary health care centers was performed.A BP evaluation was carried out by the primary care doctor, and this procedure was followed by a reference test 24-hour ABPM, performed by an independent professional. Moreover, the peripheral blood collect was performed for future biochemical markers analysis. Results: 143 patients were included. There was a trend for association between the independent variable (altered BP by 24-hour ABPM) and the dependent variable (CRP), there was an association between the values > 3 mg/dL and altered 24-hour ABPM. The prevalence ratio (PR) was of 1.36 (CI 95% 0.90 ­ 2.06); p=0.18. Regarding microalbuminuria and fibrinogen findings, a 1.03 (CI 95% 0.41 ­ 2.57) PR was seen; p=1 and 1.19 (CI 95% 0.96 ­ 1.46) PR; p=0.019, respectively, and both were not significant for altered BP by 24-hour ABPM. Conclusions: It is a trend for association between CRP with BP evaluated by 24-hour ABPM in the primary care setting

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: a perspective of cardiovascular prevention.

INTRODUCTION: several studies have evaluated the utilization of lipid biomarkers in an attempt to correlate them with clinical cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the investigation of clinical conditions under specific plasmatic levels of lipoproteins for long periods presents limitations due to inherent difficulties that are related to the follow-up of individuals throughout their lives. Better understanding of the clinical response and occasional resistance to the action of hypolipidemic drugs in several clinic scenarios is also necessary. OBJECTIVES: to determine the role of evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the metabolism of lipids, and its implications in different clinical scenarios. METHODS: a search of the literature in English and Spanish languages was performed in Medline, Lilacs via Bireme, IBECS via Bireme, and Cochrane databases. The expected results included information regarding plasmatic lipid profile and SNPs, cardiovascular clinical outcomes and polymorphisms related to the effectiveness of statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. RESULTS: in order to perform this analysis, 19 studies were included from a total of 89 identified citations. The evaluation of the results suggests that low plasmatic levels of LDL-c are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart attacks, although this was not observed for the rise of plasmatic levels of HDL-c. CONCLUSION: polymorphisms in different populations and clinical perspectives may bring important contributions for a better understanding and adequacy of plasmatic lipoproteins aiming at reducing cardiovascular risk.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms: a perspective of cardiovascular prevention / Polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único: uma perspectiva de prevenção cardiovascular

Summary Introduction: several studies have evaluated the utilization of lipid biomarkers in an attempt to correlate them with clinical cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the investigation of clinical conditions under specific plasmatic levels of lipoproteins for long periods presents limitations due to inherent difficulties that are related to the follow-up of individuals throughout their lives. Better understanding of the clinical response and occasional resistance to the action of hypolipidemic drugs in several clinic scenarios is also necessary. Objectives: to determine the role of evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the metabolism of lipids, and its implications in different clinical scenarios. Methods: a search of the literature in English and Spanish languages was performed in Medline, Lilacs via Bireme, IBECS via Bireme, and Cochrane databases. The expected results included information regarding plasmatic lipid profile and SNPs, cardiovascular clinical outcomes and polymorphisms related to the effectiveness of statins in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Results: in order to perform this analysis, 19 studies were included from a total of 89 identified citations. The evaluation of the results suggests that low plasmatic levels of LDL-c are associated with a reduction in the risk of heart attacks, although this was not observed for the rise of plasmatic levels of HDL-c. Conclusion: polymorphisms in different populations and clinical perspectives may bring important contributions for a better understanding and adequacy of plasmatic lipoproteins aiming at reducing cardiovascular risk.

Resumo Introdução: muitos estudos tem avaliado a utilização de biomarcadores lipídicos na tentativa de correlacioná-los com eventos clínicos cardiovasculares. Contudo, a investigação de condições clínicas sob níveis plasmáticos específicos de lipoproteínas por longos períodos, apresenta limitações devido às dificuldades inerentes relacionadas ao acompanhamento de indivíduos ao longo de suas vidas. Adicionalmente, há a necessidade de melhor compreensão da resposta clínica e eventual resistência da ação de drogas hipolipemiantes em diversos cenários clínicos. Objetivos: determinar o papel da avaliação de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) relacionadas com o metabolismo lipídico e suas implicações em diferentes cenários clínicos. Métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura de língua inglesa e espanhola nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacas via Bireme, IBECS via Bireme e Cochrane. Os resultados esperados incluíam informações sobre o perfil lipídico plasmático e SNPs, desfechos clínicos cardiovasculares e polimorfismos relacionadas à efetividade de estatinas quanto ao tratamento da hipercolesterolemia. Resultados: para esta análise foram incluídos 19 estudos de um total de 89 citações identificadas. Os dados resultantes e avaliados sugerem que baixos níveis plasmáticos de LDL-c estão associados com redução do risco de infarto do miocárdio o que não foi observado para o aumento nos níveis plasmáticos de HDL-c. Conclusão: os polimorfismos em diferentes populações e perspectivas clínicas podem trazer importantes contribuições para a melhor compreensão e adequação de metas de lipoproteínas plasmáticas que visem a redução de risco cardiovascular.

Adesão ao tratamento e controle da pressão arterial por meio da monitoração ambulatorial de 24 horas / Blood pressure treatment adherence and control through 24-hour ambulatory monitoring

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, no entanto os níveis de controle pressórico persistem inadequados. A avaliação da adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo com a utilização da monitoração ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas pode representar um importante auxílio na busca de metas de controle da HAS. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a sua relação com os valores de PA obtidos pela MAPA de 24 horas entre pacientes hipertensos de centros de atenção primária à saúde (APS). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 143 pacientes hipertensos de amostra representativa de serviço de APS do município de Antônio Prado, RS. Foi realizada aplicação do teste de Morisky e Green para avaliar a aderência ao tratamento e a verificação do número de medicamentos utilizados, seguida pela aplicação da MAPA de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 65,7% da amostra foram considerados aderentes ao tratamento proposto, 20,3% eram moderadamente aderentes, enquanto somente 14% foram classificados como não aderentes. Do total de 143 pacientes avaliados, 79 (55,2%) foram identificados como HAS controlada (<130/80 mmHg) pelas medidas da MAPA de 24 horas, 64 (44,8%) não estavam controlados (>130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) apresentaram ausência de descenso noturno da PA e 60 (41,9%) não estavam controlados durante o período de vigília. CONCLUSÃO: Verificamos, no presente estudo, que não há um controle adequado da HAS, com consequente perda de oportunidade dos profissionais envolvidos na APS de ajuste adequado das metas de PA preconizados. Esse fato ocorre a despeito de apropriada adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo dos pacientes vinculados ao ambulatório de APS.

BACKGROUND: Although systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important cardiovascular risk factor, blood pressure level control often remains inadequate. Assessment of adherence to antihypertensive treatment through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) may represent an important aid in the search for BP control targets. OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to antihypertensive treatment and its association with BP values at 24-hour ABPM in hypertensive patients treated in primary health care (PHC) centers. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 143 hypertensive patients, who constituted a representative sample of patients from PHC centers in the town of Antonio Prado, RS. The Morisky-Green test was used to evaluate adherence and verify the number of medications used by patients, followed by 24-hour ABPM. RESULTS: We observed that 65.7% of the sample was considered adherent to the proposed treatment, 20.3% were moderately adherent and only 14% were classified as non-adherent. Considering all the 143 patients evaluated, 79 (55.2%) were identified as having controlled hypertension (<130/80 mmHg) according to the 24-hour ABPM measurements, 64 (44.8%) were considered uncontrolled (>130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) had absence of nocturnal BP dip and 60 (41.9%) were uncontrolled while awake. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed a lack of adequate hypertension control with a consequent loss of opportunity for PHC professionals to adequately adjust the recommended BP control targets. This fact occurs in spite of proper adherence to antihypertensive treatment by patients in PHC centers.

Blood pressure treatment adherence and control through 24-hour ambulatory monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Although systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important cardiovascular risk factor, blood pressure level control often remains inadequate. Assessment of adherence to antihypertensive treatment through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) may represent an important aid in the search for BP control targets. OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to antihypertensive treatment and its association with BP values at 24-hour ABPM in hypertensive patients treated in primary health care (PHC) centers. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 143 hypertensive patients, who constituted a representative sample of patients from PHC centers in the town of Antonio Prado, RS. The Morisky-Green test was used to evaluate adherence and verify the number of medications used by patients, followed by 24-hour ABPM. RESULTS: We observed that 65.7% of the sample was considered adherent to the proposed treatment, 20.3% were moderately adherent and only 14% were classified as non-adherent. Considering all the 143 patients evaluated, 79 (55.2%) were identified as having controlled hypertension (<130/80 mmHg) according to the 24-hour ABPM measurements, 64 (44.8%) were considered uncontrolled (>130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) had absence of nocturnal BP dip and 60 (41.9%) were uncontrolled while awake. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed a lack of adequate hypertension control with a consequent loss of opportunity for PHC professionals to adequately adjust the recommended BP control targets. This fact occurs in spite of proper adherence to antihypertensive treatment by patients in PHC centers.